Hello, World!

Let’s write our first Rust program! This is a tradition when learning a new programming language, and it’s a great way to verify that your Rust installation is working correctly.

Creating a Project Directory

First, let’s create a directory for our project:

mkdir hello_world
cd hello_world

Creating a Rust Source File

In Rust, source files have a .rs extension. Let’s create a file called main.rs:

touch main.rs   # On macOS/Linux
# OR
echo > main.rs  # On Windows

Open this file in your editor and add the following code:

fn main() {
    println!("Hello, World!");
}

Comparing with JavaScript

Here’s how a similar program would look in JavaScript:

console.log("Hello, World!");

Let’s compare these two programs:

Rust	JavaScript	Notes
fn main() { ... }	Not needed	Rust programs start execution from the main function
println!("Hello, World!");	console.log("Hello, World!");	Rust uses macros (with !) for printing

Compiling and Running the Program

Unlike JavaScript, which is interpreted, Rust is a compiled language. This means we need to compile our code before running it.

Compiling

rustc main.rs

This will create an executable file in the same directory.

Running

On macOS/Linux:

./hello_world

On Windows:

.\hello_world.exe

You should see:

Hello, World!

Understanding Rust’s Compilation Model

This compilation step is a key difference from JavaScript:

1. JavaScript: The code is typically interpreted at runtime (though JIT compilation often happens behind the scenes)
2. Rust: The code is compiled ahead of time into a binary executable

This compilation model offers several advantages:

• Catches errors at compile time rather than runtime
• Produces highly optimized, fast executables
• No need for a runtime environment (like Node.js)

Function Structure

Let’s take another look at our Rust function:

fn main() {
    println!("Hello, World!");
}

• fn declares a function (similar to function in JavaScript)
• main is the function name (special because it’s the entry point)
• Empty parentheses () means this function takes no parameters
• Code inside the function is enclosed in curly braces {}

Macros vs. Functions

In our example, println! is a macro, not a function. You can identify macros in Rust by the exclamation mark (!).

Macros are more powerful than functions because they can:

• Generate code at compile time
• Take a variable number of arguments
• Implement features that would be difficult with normal functions

The Semi-Colon in Rust

Just like in JavaScript, statements in Rust end with a semicolon (;). But in Rust, semicolons also indicate that an expression should not return a value, which we’ll explore more when we discuss functions in detail.

Rust Formatting Style

Rust has a standard formatting style, similar to how JavaScript has tools like Prettier:

• 4 spaces for indentation (not tabs)
• Curly braces on the same line as control flow statements

You can automatically format your Rust code with:

rustfmt main.rs

Next Steps

While you can write all your programs like this and compile them with rustc, most Rust developers use Cargo, Rust’s build system and package manager. Let’s move on to Hello, Cargo! to learn how to use it.